Class 10 Science Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds Notes [Handwritten Notes PDF]
Carbon and Its Compounds introduces the versatile chemistry of carbon—its bonding, functional groups, and important reactions of organic compounds.
Here, we provide the Handwritten Notes PDF for quick and effective revision. The notes include clear summaries, key reactions, diagrams, and solved examples aligned with the NCERT syllabus.
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Table of Contents
Highlights of the Notes
- Neat handwritten notes with reaction maps and tables.
- Easy explanations of covalent bonding and carbon’s tetravalency.
- Functional groups, nomenclature, and homologous series summarized.
- Important reactions: combustion, oxidation, addition, substitution.
- Everyday chemistry: ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps and detergents.
Topics Covered
- Carbon: Tetravalency and Catenation
- Covalent Bonding; Saturated vs Unsaturated Compounds
- Allotropes of Carbon: Diamond, Graphite, Fullerenes, Nanotubes
- Homologous Series and General Formulae
- IUPAC Nomenclature (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes; functional groups)
- Isomerism (basic idea with structural isomers)
- Functional Groups: –OH, –CHO, –CO, –COOH, –X, –NH₂, –COO–
- Key Reactions of Organic Compounds:
- Combustion and Oxidation
- Addition (hydrogenation of alkenes/alkynes)
- Substitution (halogenation of alkanes)
- Oxidation of alcohols to acids
- Ethanol: Properties, Uses, Reaction with Na metal, Dehydration
- Ethanoic Acid (Acetic Acid): Properties, Esterification, Saponification
- Soaps and Detergents: Micelles, Cleansing Action, Hard vs Soft Water
- Polymerization (basic introduction)
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FAQs
1. Why is carbon so versatile? Due to tetravalency and catenation, carbon forms stable covalent bonds and long chains.
2. What is a homologous series? A family of compounds with the same functional group and a constant difference of –CH₂– unit.
3. What are functional groups? Specific atoms/groups (like –OH, –COOH) that determine the chemical properties of compounds.
4. What is esterification? Reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water, often with an acid catalyst.
5. How do soaps clean? Soap forms micelles; the hydrophobic tails trap grease, and hydrophilic heads interact with water to wash it away.